New study helps explain why rural Americans die younger: chronic ills, food deserts, health-care access, outmigration

Starting in the 1990s, life expectancy in rural areas fell below that in urban areas, and "The gap keeps growing . . . mainly among prime working-age adults (ages 25–54), which has important implications for rural health, productivity, and economic development," says a new study from the University of Illinois and the Agriculture Department, which tries to explain why. 

It "points to the structural, economic, and retail environments of the counties they live in," writes C.J. Miller of Hoosier Ag Today. The increasing rural death rate is increasingly driven by chronic illnesses such as "heart disease and diabetes, rather than external crises like suicides or drug overdoses. Crucially, the study found that these health disparities largely vanish when accounting for specific county-level characteristics, suggesting that the 'place' itself dictates survival. . . . when the researchers ran linear regression models that adjusted for the local environment—including the density of grocery stores, recreational facilities, local labor force participation, and per-capita income—the statistical significance of a person’s “rural” status virtually disappeared."

Past studies have usually pointed to personal choices; this one looks at the assets (or lack of them) in rural counties that contribute to health and wellness, as Miller describes:

• Food and retail deserts: Rural counties often feature a higher concentration of fast-food establishments relative to full-service grocery stores, making nutritional compliance a geographic challenge.
• Health care access: Decades of rural hospital closures and a persistent shortage of physicians mean chronic conditions like cardiovascular disease are frequently caught later and managed poorly.
• Socioeconomic stress: Lower personal income and suppressed labor force participation rates contribute to an elevated “allostatic load”—the medical term for the cumulative biological wear-and-tear caused by chronic stress.
• Digital divide: Modern health literacy increasingly relies on a robust information environment. A lack of high-speed broadband internet in rural areas limits access to telehealth services and health education.

"The study also touched on the complicated role of internal migration, noting that urban centers frequently attract healthier, upwardly mobile individuals from rural communities — a phenomenon known as the 'healthy migrant hypothesis,' leaving behind a rural population that is older, poorer, and less biologically equipped to withstand structural neglect," Miller reports.

The study was done by researchers at UI Urbana-Champaign and the USDA's Economic Research Service and published in the peer-reviewed journal Economics & Human Biology. It used "restricted-use files from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey spanning 1999 to March 2020. This allowed them to link individual health metrics, including objective laboratory indicators like blood-drawn cholesterol levels and glycohemoglobin (blood sugar tracking), with the specific federal county codes of the participants," Miller reports.

Forest Service will close 57 of 77 research facilities. Critics warn closures threaten wildfire research.

Many of the research facilities slated for closure conducted
wildfire research. (Photo via Rocky Mountain Research Station)

As part of its ongoing restructuring plan, the U.S. Forest Service announced it's "closing 57 of its 77 research facilities in 31 states," reports Eric Niiler of The New York Times. Critics say the shake-up threatens wildfire and climate research on forests, just as wildfires are becoming more common and more severe in several parts of the United States.

USFS leadership said the consolidation will streamline research facilities into a main hub in Fort Collins, Colorado, and relocate staff to nearby states. Niiler writes, "But employees said they feared the move would lead many scientists to leave instead." The USDA already announced plans in late March to relocate USFS headquarters and 260 agency employees from Washington to Salt Lake City.

The closures include "six research and development facilities in California, five in Mississippi, four in Michigan and three in Utah," Niiler reports. The agency will also shutter all nine of its regional offices, which "currently manage 154 national forests," Niiler explains. "Some states will have their own offices, and others will be consolidated."

USFS oversees a massive amount of land -- some 193 million acres -- that includes several laboratories and "experimental forests where scientists can monitor the effects of environmental changes over long periods of time," Niiler writes. They also investigate wildfire risks, prevention and how forests recover after a severe wildfire.

Thomas M. Schultz, Jr., the Forest Service chief, told the Times, "Forest Service R&D has produced world-class science for over a century, and that will continue. The consolidation is about organizing the research enterprise more efficiently, not diminishing it."

Silicone wristbands can monitor exposure to 'forever chemicals' over time

Silicone wristbands could help scientists monitor for 
chemicals. (Venier Lab photo via The Conversation CC)

Silicone wristbands are a new noninvasive method to measure Americans’ exposure to "forever chemicals", or PFAS, reports Yaw Edu Essandoh for The Conversation.

These synthetic chemicals, often found in water systems, soils and consumer products, have been a growing public concern and become more prevalent in everyday environments, Essandoh explains.

Traditional monitoring tools for measuring their exposure have only used samples from a single point in time and can be invasive, like drawing someone’s blood or testing soil or water from one location on one day, reports Essandoh. However, Essandoh found from his environmental chemistry research that people or animals living in the same environment “showed very different chemical profiles.”

Since people are exposed continuously throughout the day, new noninvasive tools are becoming more popular to monitor exposure over a period of time, Essandoh reports. One such tool is the silicone wristbands, made of silicone polymer, which “absorb chemicals from the surrounding environment over time, similar to how skin or fur interacts with air, dust and surfaces." Researchers can then extract these compounds from the wristband and examine the pattern of exposure, once the wristband is worn for multiple days or weeks.

Other noninvasive methods scientists have started using to track exposure include “passive air samplers placed in homes or small wearable devices,” explains Essandoh. These types of devices can also be used for animals and wildlife, instead of drawing their blood, to better understand how PFAS affect their ecosystems and to identify emerging risks sooner.

Noninvasive monitoring tools aren’t meant to eliminate traditional monitoring, Essandoh explains, but to provide additional context to how exposure moves through time and space and to entice more volunteers to participate in studies. “They offer ways to better understand cumulative exposure, identify overlooked pathways and inform environmental health and conservation decisions.”

USDA can remediate 'forever chemical' pollution on U.S. farmlands, new study shows

The new report found that the USDA can respond to
PFAS contamination on U.S. farmland. (TNL photo)

The Department of Agriculture has the resources to address PFAS contamination on U.S. farmland, a National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine report finds.

The study, which was partially sponsored by the USDA, lists the various tools and remediation planning that can be used to reduce contamination caused by "human-made chemicals that accumulate in the environment and the bodies of humans and animals," which are collectively called "PFAS" or "forever chemicals," reports Shannon Kelleher for The New Lede.

Fertilizer use is one way farmers have unintentionally polluted their soil with forever chemicals. Kelleher explains, "PFAS end up on agricultural lands when farmers apply tainted sewage sludge as a fertilizer, contaminating crops and soil with chemicals linked to certain cancers and other health harms." Forever chemicals can also be added to soil through PFAS-laced pesticides.

The report included a remediation outline and noted that the USDA could leverage its considerable resources to address the farmland PFAS crisis. Researchers suggested the USDA use predictive models, on-site testing and "develop PFAS screening levels for different types of agriculture facilities, soil types and climates," Kelleher reports.

The report also recommends the USDA analyze how forever chemicals interact with different soils and climates to "develop better mechanisms to trap or sequester PFAS, and research ways to minimize the uptake of PFAS in plants and animals," Kelleher writes.

The February Farm Bill draft includes "language that would permit research grants on the agricultural impacts of PFAS in land exposed to firefighting foams, sewage sludge or compost containing the chemicals," Kelleher adds.

Most stakeholders, lawmakers don't support USDA restructuring plan

The U.S. Department of Agriculture Headquarters complex in 
Washington, D.C. (Adobe Stock photo)

After the Department of Agriculture announced in July plans to reorganize and relocate thousands of its Washington, D.C., workers, close its flagship D.C. research facility and create five regional hubs, employees, lawmakers and agriculture stakeholders voiced concern that the consolidations could "lead to a significant brain drain and disruptions to key farmer-support programs," reports Eric Katz of Government Executive. 

The restructuring plans currently include keeping 2,000 USDA employees in Washington, D.C, but the remaining 2,600 people would be offered positions in newly formed USDA hubs in Raleigh, North Carolina; Kansas City, Missouri; Indianapolis, Indiana; Fort Collins, Colorado; and Salt Lake City, Utah.

The USDA requested public comments via email from Aug. 1 to Sept. 30, to which it "received nearly 47,000 responses, most of which were from form letters or part of an organized campaign," Katz writes. "Of the 14,000 remaining messages, 82% expressed a negative sentiment, according to USDA’s analysis of the responses. Just 5% expressed a positive tone."

"Among the most common concerns, USDA said, were for the impacts of reductions in personnel and resources," Katz explains. "'Stakeholders worry that cost-cutting measures will prioritize efficiency over service quality, undermining public trust,' the department said in its analysis."

Lawmakers and commentators criticized the USDA's lack of transparency about its plans."As the department looks to slash regional offices across the country, stakeholders raised concerns about the loss of 'local oversight and expertise,'" Katz reports. "Lawmakers...expressed concern over the potential loss of local input."

Employee unions "cited USDA’s relocation of two offices in 2019 to Kansas City, which resulted in the loss of more than half of their staff and significant drops in productivity," Katz adds. 

Despite the negative feedback, the Trump administration seems unwilling to change course. Katz adds, "Several employees told Government Executive the plan is proceeding full steam ahead."

The cicadas are here. Their emergence is the 'biggest insect event on the planet.'

                  Emerging from underground, cicadas march toward metamorphosis. (BBC Video)

A familiar song of summer buzzes from trees, echos from backyards and reverberates through forests. It's cicada Brood XIV's emerging and living above-ground tune traveling across sound waves from "northern Georgia up into Indiana and Ohio and eastward through the mid-Atlantic, extending as far north as Long Island, N.Y. and Massachusetts," write Chris Simon and John Cooley for The Conversation.

As evolutionary ecologists, Simon and Cooley study periodical cicadas to "understand questions about the natural history, genetics and geographic distribution of life," they write. While each cicada species has a different "song," all their vibration-lad "singing" is part of the insect's mating ritual.

Female cicadas from Brood XIV "will lay hundreds of eggs inside small tree branches. Then the adult cicadas will die," they explain. "When the eggs hatch six weeks later, new cicada nymphs will fall from the trees and burrow back underground, starting the cycle again."

Each color on this map represents a different periodical cicada brood. Brood XIV is darker green extending from the Midwest to eastern Mass. (University of Connecticut map via Conversation, CC BY-ND)

Cicada brood documentation dates back to entomologists from the mid-1800s. Simon and Cooley have been tracking and "verifying periodical cicada records and updating maps since the late 1980s," they add. "We listen for species-specific songs and then record the cicada species identity on computers, with their GPS locations. Often we’ll stop to examine a patch of forest. If the cicadas are singing, we note whether the chorus is light, moderate, loud or distant."

Simon and Cooley think cicadas have information to share about our changing planet. They write, "Our research suggests that climate warming has resulted in more four-year-early straggling events that are increasingly dense, widespread and likely to leave offspring. . . . Understanding how these four-year shifts are encoded in cicadas’ genes is a mystery that remains to be solved."

Retelling the history of land-grant universities and sharing their contributions is key to their survival

Gary Steinhardt taught and researched soil science issues
at Purdue and Purdue Extension. (Farm Progress photo)

Land-grant universities sit at the heart of farming research and Extension Services, but to keep them alive, their history and contribution need retelling, writes Tom J. Bechman of Farm Progress. "Education at a land-grant university helped make Gary Steinhardt who he is today. . . . He spent roughly half of his final Purdue Agronomy Department seminar explaining the history and mission of land-grant colleges and the Extension Service."

Steinhardt explained to Bechman why he felt driven to retell the land-grant success story: “We are at a point in the history of the land-grant system where we need to be careful. Some in the academic world don’t appreciate what it can accomplish. There is still a tremendous need to tell the public about research done through land-grant universities. Otherwise, education does not get passed along.”

Funding may always be a challenge for Extension Services, and "current upheaval due to efforts to cut federal spending may only intensify the fight for Extension dollars," Bechman explains. "But the threat Steinhardt refers to is within university systems. Is there still support among university leaders for practical, applied research that can be passed along to farmers and families, and to youth through 4-H? When an Extension person like Steinhardt retires, will that position be replaced?"

Steinhardt's seminar showcased the creation of land-grant universities and reviewed why they were established. A few of his highlighted events are shared below:

Land Ordinance of 1785. "Money from the sale of Section 16 in each township was reserved to fund schools," Bechman writes. "Money from land sales also helped start universities, including Miami University in Ohio, Indiana University, the University of Michigan and the University of Wisconsin."

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and Industrial universities. "This act of the Confederation Congress declared 'schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged,'" Bechman adds. "In the mid-1800s, Jonathan Baldwin Turner promoted 'industrial universities' that could teach working-class people, like those in agriculture."

Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862. Bechman explains, "In the middle of the Civil War, this act of Congress specified how public lands could be donated to 'provide for colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts, including military tactics.'"

To read more about land-grant development in the United States, click here.

Rural elders are estimated to endure much more abuse than what is reported. Protecting them comes with speaking up.

Rural adults are less likely to report
abuse. (Photo by Danie Franco)

While research on elder abuse in rural areas may be limited, evidence shows that one in 10 elders report being abused. A report from the National Center on Elder Abuse said that for every report of abuse ”there are 24 incidents that may go unreported,” according to Liz Carey in an article for the Daily Yonder.

“Older adults living in rural and remote areas are at greater risk of abuse because of their geographic isolation, lack of support services, and poorer health,” Carey said.

These conditions may work to conceal abuse. Rural elders tend to have less education and fewer financial resources that could, “possibly [create] barriers to leaving abusive situations,” according to a Rural Health Research Center (RHRC) study quoted by Carey.

Alexis Swendener, co-author of the RHRC policy brief, told the Daily Yonder that it was difficult to know the scope of the problem. “Some of the laws are about vulnerable adults or dependent adults. Some of them have age defined in them and some of them don’t.”

The study looked at reports of emotional abuse, financial abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect and self-neglect. Swendener told the Daily Yonder that sexual abuse and self-neglect were the least likely to be “clearly mentioned.”

Nels Holmgren, the director of Aging and Adult Services in Utah, said in an interview with the Daily Yonder that a key element to protecting elders is reporting. However, he also said due to a sense of independence and lack of services in rural areas, people are less likely to ask for help.

Rural round-up: USDA plan to lower egg prices; cuts to rural education research; relief payments to farmers; USFS firings

Photo by J. Egger,
Unsplash

As egg prices keep pecking at American pocketbooks, Department of Agriculture Secretary Brooke Rollins has a 5-part plan to lower egg prices. Rollins writes, "Avian flu can still penetrate [almost any] facility; it is transmitted through wild birds that often enter through perimeter gaps that need to be fixed. . . . The USDA has developed a successful pilot program. . . to identify and implement more safety measures. . . . Second, we will make up to $400 million of increased financial relief available to farmers whose flocks are affected by avian flu, and we will assist them in receiving faster approval to begin safe operations again after an outbreak. . . ." Read all of Secretary Rollins' strategy here.

President Donald Trump's first campaign and term may have helped bring rural needs for investment and support to the forefront, but the current Trump administration "could bring that progress to a sudden halt," reports Nick Fouriezos for The Daily Yonder. "The first cuts were reportedly aimed at the Institute of Education Sciences, the Department of Education's independent research and evaluation arm, with at least 170 contracts shuttered. . . . The National Rural Higher Education Research Center just opened in September, after being awarded a 5-year, $10 million grant through the IES. . . . Led by MDRC, which conducts nonpartisan research to improve the lives of low-income Americans, the center is conducting eight major studies in rural areas across 10 states and 25 colleges."

Outdoor Recreation Roundtable photo

The wave of U.S. Forestry terminations put a precious rural resources at risk. "About 3,400 U.S. Forest Service employees within their probationary period have been fired due to Trump’s reforming the federal workforce executive order," reports Ilana Newman of The Daily Yonder. "National forests are vital to rural economies. The outdoor recreation industry contributed 1.2 trillion dollars to the American economy in 2023. . . . A source revealed that seasonal firefighters may be in the next round of terminations."

Sections of Appalachia were doused with rain last week, leaving parts of Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia and Tennessee soaked and flooding -- again. The region's repeated natural disasters have caused heartbreak and extreme financial distress for many residents, but they have also helped Appalachian communities rely on one another. "Willa Johnson, a lifelong eastern Kentuckian, lived in McRoberts when the 2022 flood overturned her life," reports Katie Myers of Grist. "Johnson and others throughout the area feel their experience has prepared them to face future disasters with strength, and, when other rural communities go through the same experience, understand what they face and how best to help them."

In late December, Congress passed the American Relief Act, which earmarked $9.8 billion in agriculture relief payments to farmers, with a 90-day window for the Department of Agriculture to issue the checks, reports Tyne Morgan of Farm Journal. "With less than 30 days left before the deadline, farmers are asking one question: When will those payments be released? . . . .  On Thursday Secretary of Agriculture Brooke Rollins confirmed payments will be released before the March 21 current deadline. She also outlined the timing of the $1 billion just announced to combat avian flu. Rollins is schedule to give another keynote talk today. To watch Farm Journal's most recent update interview with Rollins, click here.

Less for more: Grocery prices have increased 25% since 2019, according to an NPR analysis

Grocery prices have increased 23% since 2019. (Unsplash photo)

Two hundred dollars on groceries used to mean you could eat very well. Now, going to the grocery store seems to come with a punch to your bank account at the checkout counter.

Over the past six years, NPR’s Alina Selyukh has been tracking Walmart’s prices to analyze just how much the cost os groceries has increased.

“Compared to 2019, prices on my list, on average, rose 25%... And that's not far from federal inflation data: Cumulatively, U.S. prices are up 23% since 2019,” according to Selyukh, who attributed the majority of price increases to issues related to COVID. “The pandemic shifts were seismic.”

While a Walmart representative wrote in a statement to NPR that the company is “committed to providing an Every Day Low Price experience both in stores and online," it has had to keep up with increases in shipping and manufacturing costs leading to a higher total at the checkout counter, wrote Selyukh and NPR's Juweek Adolphe.

Shipping cost increases led to more expensive fertilizer and paper for packaging, for example. Also, “U.S. companies are paying higher import fees — and passing some of that cost on to shoppers,” Selyukh and Apolphe wrote.

Not only are the items in the shopping cart growing more expensive, but Selyukh and Apolphe have noticed reductions in the quantity of some items. “Tide liquid laundry detergent now comes in a smaller container — 84 ounces instead of 100 ounces — but costs $1 more,” they wrote.

Drinking raw milk can cause humans to contract diseases and infections, but the risks may not tell the full story

Maybe raw milk offers something unique.
(Photo by E. Aceron, Unsplash)

Despite raw milk's popularity with some consumers, many dairy experts warn against consuming raw milk products because of bacteria and disease risks. Raw milk proponents believe the benefits of raw milk products outweigh the concerns, reports Moises Velasquez-Manoff of The New York Times. "Should we take them more seriously?"

The U.S. raw milk movement began decades ago in "small, independent health-food stores," Velasquez-Manoff explains. The pandemic heightened interest in raw milk's benefits. "Mark McAfee, who heads Raw Farm in California, told me during the pandemic, people felt abandoned by medical professionals and began researching ways to care for their own immune systems. Many turned to raw milk, which he calls 'the first food of life.'"

Twenty-five years ago, when McAfee started selling raw milk, his customers were mostly "hippie 'nut-and-berry moms' and natural foodies, as he puts it. . . But as his sales have grown — about 30-fold since then, he estimates — his customers have diversified," Velasquez-Manoff explains. Today’s raw milk consumers come from vastly different backgrounds, with reasons for buying raw milk that range from political freedom to nutritional miracles.

American scientists and food nutrition experts have continually warned against drinking unpasteurized dairy. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "unpasteurized dairy products are 840 times as likely as their pasteurized counterparts to lead to infection and illness," Velasquez-Manoff reports. The CDC's list of possible adverse health outcomes includes: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter.

But raw milk research isn't all about potential diseases humans could contract. In fact, recent studies suggest some positive preventative health benefits raw milk consumption might offer. Velasquez-Manoff writes, "There is also a wealth of epidemiological research, most of it from Europe, that suggests that drinking raw milk early in life can protect against the development of asthma and allergies later. . . . The basic notion animating the raw-milk movement — that something good and healthful is lost during processing — may have some validity to it."

While the health risks involved in raw milk consumption lead many dairy experts to adamantly push against drinking it, European studies might point the way toward resolving "what is often called the allergy epidemic," Velasquez-Manoff adds. "Scientists think that if they can identify what’s special about raw milk, and preserve it through treatment that makes it safe, maybe they can turn a widely consumed foodstuff into a powerful tool of preventive medicine."

How to support rural education: Rural researchers explore challenges and address solutions

Rural education research can support communities
by providing insight and solutions. (Adobe Stock photo)

Helping rural communities thrive requires resources from multiple places, but reinforcing the depth and accessibility of rural education is one of the most basic ways to support rural America. Some of that foundation is being built through research.

"The Rural Educator’s latest issue spotlights critical topics – showing just how vital rural research and community engagement are to the future of rural schools," reports Lane Wendell Fischer for The Daily Yonder. "We selected four articles to highlight the breadth and scope of research done to improve rural education."

Some rural places have been busy building learning pipelines for principals. Leaders at the University of Tennessee developed the Tennessee Rural Principals Network to address the lack of continuous professional development for rural principals, Fischer explains. "Researchers conducted interviews with 12 principals who participated in TRPN’s learning network, mentoring, and coaching. Participants lauded the program’s ability to connect rural principals. . . so they could share their knowledge and experiences to confront issues in the rural context."

Researcher Jana Stone, who is from rural Wyoming, is "examining how women in [educational] roles define leadership and whether their definitions align with the opportunities available to them within their communities," Fischer writes. "Stone hopes to offer a nuanced exploration of the challenges Appalachian women face when seeking leadership positions in their communities. . . . By understanding the specific obstacles faced by women in these communities, educational institutions can tailor their training programs to better equip female leaders for success in rural settings."

How to staff, develop and support mental health care in rural education is a challenge researcher Elaine S. Belansky is exploring in Colorado. "Belansky and her colleagues developed and tested several strategies aimed at recruiting and retaining mental health professionals in rural areas," Fischer reports. "One initiative is a rural immersion program for graduate students enrolled in school counseling or psychology programs. The program provides students with a firsthand experience of life in rural communities, exposing them to the unique rewards and challenges of working in these settings."

Providing support for parents is also being looked at by some rural education researchers. Carol Cutler White coauthored an article and research that looked at "an equally important aspect of rural education: college access for Black students in rural Mississippi," Fischer writes. "One of the key findings of White’s study is that parents do not view teachers or school counselors as important for making college possible. . . . To address these challenges, the article advocates for more robust community outreach efforts aimed directly at rural parents."

Rural Mirages: Shattered newspapers and ‘ghosts’ with little local news, but some communities have spunky startups

This is a condensed version of an article published today in the 2023 State of Local News Report from the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University. For the full version, click here.

By Al Cross

Director emeritus, Institute for Rural Journalism, University of Kentucky  

The mistaken front page

On Sept. 5, The Hutchinson News in central Kansas greeted readers with a front-page feature about the Hutchinson Senior Center, with a photo of seniors kayaking on a lake with a thickly forested shore. But that’s not the landscape in Hutchinson, pop. 40,000, or the name of its senior center. The story was about the center in Hutchinson, Minnesota, and was written by a confused freelancer who got the assignment from a Gannett Co. editor 140 miles away, in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, because the News had no news reporters on its staff.

What Gannett’s public-relations office called an “oversight,” in declining an interview about the flub, reflected the shrinkage of American newspapers, which finally hit non-metropolitan America just before the pandemic. The one-two punch led to many closures and mergers, and to continued declines in the quantity and quality of small-town papers. But in some places, print and online start-ups are succeeding, showing that local residents still want local news and will pay for a good product.

In Hutchinson, a 16-year-old high-school debater, Michael Glenn, started The Hutchinson Tribune on Substack on July 4; is publishing about five times as many local-news articles as The Hutchinson News, which prints twice a week; and says he and his partner, a local librarian, are starting to sell advertising for a growing audience.

Legacy newspapers are slowly adapting to the digital era, but many have not fully faced up to their greatest-ever existential challenge.

About two-thirds of weeklies are owned by chains, and the decline of most weeklies is visible in fewer pages, less news coverage and limited or non-existent office hours. In many towns, gone are the days when local residents could drop into their local newspaper office to place a classified ad or news item, and engage in conversation that could give the paper even more information, because the newspaper no longer has an office that is open to the public without appointment.

That’s the case even at some daily papers, such as the Kentucky New Era in Hopkinsville and The Paducah Sun, headquarters paper of Paxton Media Group, one of the largest owners of non-metropolitan papers. In these towns of 31,000 and 26,000, respectively, an appointment is needed to enter the newspaper office.

Paxton recently bought five more newspapers from Gannett, which has been shedding smaller papers – largely by selling them to CherryRoad Media, a firm created only three years ago by Jeremy Gulban, an information-technology entrepreneur. He now has more than 80 papers, 60 bought from Gannett, which he says ran them so far into the ground that some are proving hard to stand up.

The downward spiral of news, ads and circulation left most of those papers with two types of subscribers and single-copy buyers, Gulban said: "People who just like the ritual of getting the paper and really don't care what's in it ... and people who hold a position in town where they feel like they need to get the paper. . . . People who were truly looking for news had just given up and kind of moved on."

Retail advertising largely disappeared, he said, and “revenue from obits, legal and classified, was nearly double the display advertising in a lot of cases . . . so really, what you have is, you got a ghost newspaper, right? It really has no relevance in the community. And you know that's a vicious cycle.”

Gulban said he has invested in editorial and ad staff, most often hiring former employees, and that the fate of the papers will largely depend on their local leadership and the response of their communities. And he says printed newspapers will remain a core element of his business model; to that end, he recently bought the Hutchinson News printing plant from Gannett.

The demand for reliable local news has been demonstrated in Hutchinson and many other places in rural America. In some places with chain-owned dailies that have become ghost newspapers, or in places where chains closed county-seat papers, there are new print and online news outlets. Two examples are The Community News in Macomb, Ill., and the Logan-Hocking Times in Logan, Ohio.

Lynne Campbell, a former regional publisher for GateHouse Media, which bought Gannett and took its name, said at July’s National Summit on Journalism in Rural America that The Community News started on a copy machine, was distributed free three times a week at 40 locations, and “was full of brief bits of local news,” such as events, police logs and death notices, but not full obituaries, Campbell said. Now the paper has two paid editions per week and a midweek free edition, “so that everybody could get a little bit of the local news,” and is billing $40,000 a month, much of it in legal ads, since the Gannett paper, now called the McDonald County Voice, “is down to less than a hundred subscribers” and no longer has a storefront, Campbell said. The county has 27,000 residents, most in Macomb.

In southeast Ohio, Logan is home to 7,200 people, in a county of 46,000, and the Logan Daily News, with an office open just nine hours a week, and the Logan-Hocking Times, owned by Debra Tobin, a former editor at the Times. After she and several other staffers quit the Adams Publishing Group paper, she started the Times online, charging $7.99 a month for access. “Within six months we had 700. We're over a thousand,” she said in July. “That wasn't good enough for me, though, because I wanted to do something else, because a lot of people don't have computers” or good internet access. “So I decided to do a print newspaper,” which is distributed free on Fridays, the day after the digital edition, and is funded by advertisers who sponsor pages.

While the demand for local news in non-metropolitan areas is being met in different ways, publishers are still searching for new business models.

Image from PBS NewsHour

There is longstanding resistance among rural newspapers to raising subscription prices and single-copy charges, but The Recorder in Monterey, Virginia, has charged $5 a copy since 2017, and when the pandemic eliminated most of its ad revenue, Publisher Anne Adams appealed to readers for donations and they helped her stay in business. Recently she has expanded her coverage area to a third county in the Alleghenies. Rural Great Plains publishers told University of Kansas professor Teri Finneman that they recoiled from the idea of asking for donations, saying it would be an admission of failure or personal weakness. But other publishers have put donations into their business model, and more are exploring the option of going nonprofit so they can avoid income taxes, qualify for grants and offer their supporters tax deductions for donations. And as the story of Hutchinson shows, the demand for local news is driving different approaches.

Young heavy drinkers are more likely to carry handguns

Photo by Tom Def, Unsplash

A young person in rural America who drinks heavily is 43% more likely to carry a handgun in the following year, according to a study conducted in seven states over 15 years and published in The Journal of Rural Health.

The study defined "heavy drinking" as consumption of five or more alcoholic drinks in a row at least once in the two weeks before the question was asked of 2,002 youth, aged 12 to 26, from 12 rural communities in Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Oregon, Utah and Washington. Survey responses were collected annually from 2004 to 2019 starting with children who were in fifth or sixth grade, as part of the university's national Community Youth Development Study (CYDS).

Lead author Alice Ellyson, an acting assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Washington, told The Rural Blog that no Southern states were included in the study because the Southern communities that participated in the survey consortium that helped develop the CYDS "chose not to continue as part of the community-randomized trial portion where we obtained our data for this study."

The university says, "Recent evidence suggests that rural adolescents may start carrying a handgun earlier and carry with a higher frequency and duration than their urban counterparts. Handgun-carrying is associated with bullying, physical violence, and other risk factors for violence. Understanding youth behaviors associated with carrying a firearm has significant safety implications. In 2020, suicide and homicide were among the leading causes of death among U.S. individuals ages 12-26 years. About 91% of homicides and 52% of suicides among this age group involved a firearm."

Communities That Care is a program for preventing these behaviors and their consequences in rural areas. It has no communities in Southern states, "but they would be very willing for that to change," Ellyson told The Rural Blog.

News-media roundup: Ark. sunshine; Okla. local-news study; week-long series on Neb. paper's role in community

Open-government advocates in Arkansas quashed efforts to carve large loopholes in the state's Freedom of Information Act, in a special session Gov. Sarah Huckabee Sanders called to do that and to make secret information about her security arrangements. The latter measure passed. Rejected were open-records exemptions for attorney-prepared documents and the "deliberative process" leading to "governmental decisions and policies" and attorney-prepared documents, and a change that would have "made it harder for people to recover legal fees for lawsuits filed under" the act, reports Neal Farley of the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Another rejected bill "would have shielded 'records reflecting communications between the governor or his or her staff and the secretary of a cabinet-level department'." The outcome showed "the power of citizen action," writes longtime FOI leader Sonny Albarado, editor of the Arkansas Advocate.

Counties in study (To enlarge the map, click on it.)

"Oklahomans statewide primarily rely on social media and local word of mouth for local news," and "rarely subscribe to local newspapers," media and political-science professors say in a study report after interviewing 352 news consumers in seven diverse counties in the state. The study is the "first qualitative observational study of both news deserts and under-served metro communities statewide in Oklahoma," says the Oklahoma Media Center, a nonprofit that funded the work by Rosemary Avance, assistant professor in the media school at Oklahoma State University, and Allyson Shortle, associate professor of political science and co-founder of the University of Oklahoma’s Community Engagement and Experiments Lab. They say "Small-town residents express more trust in local news when a local person is in charge of it."

"Final edititon of the Norfolk Daily News," trumpeted the main headline in the Aug. 17 edition of the Nebraska paper. "Or is it?" a subhead teased. Under it Kent Warnecke wrote, "The primary role of a headline is to attract a reader’s attention. Chances are, the headline on this story did just that. To be clear, this is NOT the final edition of the Norfolk Daily News. The Daily News will be published tomorrow, next week and into the future. But that isn’t the case elsewhere in the nation, and, as a result, it’s not an exaggeration to say our freedom as citizens is at risk." The story was part of a week-long "Protect the Pillar" series, referring to the news media as the fourth pillar of democracy. One story noted the demise of 16 Nebraska newspapers since 2004. Looks like good material for National Newspaper Week, Oct. 1-7.

Chronic absenteeism in schools in 2021-22 was nearly twice as high in 2018-19, the last year before the pandemic

Chronic absenteeism in U.S. schools in the 2021-22 academic year was 91 percent higher than it was in 2018-19, the last year that was not affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, according to a national study done at Stanford University with the help of The Associated Press.

"The large and broad increases in chronic absenteeism suggest many students are failing to re-engage in schooling as in-person instruction returned," writes Thomas Dee, the Stanford education professor who conducted the study.

"The data from 40 states and Washington, D.C., provides the most comprehensive accounting of absenteeism nationwide," AP reports. However, Dee's statistical analyses of the data were unable to find a pattern that explained the wide differences among the states. He found little if any correlation between chronic-absenteeism growth and a state's infection rate, its classroom masking policies, enrollment losses or differences in how "chronic absemteeism" is defined.

The Economist has some notions: "Having experienced remote learning, some students—and perhaps their parents—no longer think it essential or even worthwhile to sit in a classroom. 'It’s the same thing as in the workplace,' says a teacher in New Orleans. 'Once you’ve gone down to only being there two or three days a week, coming back all five is hard.' His classrooms are especially empty on Fridays, he says, so he avoids scheduling the most important lessons then. After the pandemic, people 'started catering to their mental-health needs,' says Tieshia Robinson, a principal at Chicago Collegiate, a public charter school in the city. For parents, that might mean allowing children who are unhappy at school to skip days. Pupils have also grown used to staying at home at the slightest sign of physical illness, says Greg Frostad of New Mexico’s education department."

The highest 2021-22 chronic-absentee rates, 49% and 48%, were found in Alaska and the District of Columbia, which also had the highest rates in 2018-19, 30% and 29%, respectively. The third-highest rate, 40%, was in New Mexico; that was more than double its 2018-19 rate of 18%. Arizona's rate also more than doubled, from 13% to 34%, the eighth highest in 2021-22. Most of those places have high shares of miniority populations. "The pandemic growth in chronic absenteeism exacerbated pre-existing inequalities," Dee writes, noting that the increases were larger "among economically disadvantaged students as well as Black students and Hispanic students."

Other states where the rate doubled or more than doubled: Washington, 15% to 33%; California, 12% to 30%; Mississippi and Massachusetts, 13% to 28%; Texas, 11% to 26%; Iowa, 13% to 26%; and Connecticut, 10% to 24%. Dee reports that figures for 2022-23 from Massachusetts and Connecticut show continued high absenteeism, and The Economist reports a like pattern in England and Australia.

Graph adapted by The Rural Blog from "Higher Chronic Absenteeism Threatens Academic Recovery from the Covid-19 Pandemic," research paper published by OSF Preprints, Center for Open Science. 

Many rural communities need more than a fast download connection; they need more upload speed, study finds

Purdue University graph of internet connection speeds along a 10-step urban-rural continuum 

As the country gears for massive federal and state investment in broadband infrastructure, Americans need to understand that closing the rural-urban digital divide is no longer the "Yes, I have a connection" or "No, I got zip" conversation of the early 2000s, Roberto Gallardo, an associate professor of agricultural economics at Purdue University, writes for The Daily Yonder. Instead, it needs to be an in-depth look and planning to add what kind of broadband is lacking; often in rural places, internet upload speeds are critical, Gallardo writes.

"Before the pandemic, most internet users consumed or downloaded. However, increasingly due to e-learning, remote work, and running online micro businesses, users are producing or uploading more," Gallardo writes. "Increasingly the question is becoming: Who is using the internet at faster speeds? Are connections symmetrical—where download and upload speeds are similar? Or are most internet users driving down a six-lane paved road (faster download speeds) and driving back on a dirt road (slower upload speeds)?"

Gallardo reports on a recent study he led: "As the share of a [census] tract's population is more rural, the average download and upload speeds are slower." In purely urban tracts, the average download speed was 202 megabytes; in tracts where the share of rural population was at least 85.3%, it was 119 Mbps. The "same trend is seen with average upload speeds, where in the most urban tracts the average speed was 64 Mbps compared to 39 Mbps in the most rural tracts." Pointing to a bar graph in the study report, Gallardo notes "that average download and upload speeds seem to not change much until the share of rural population reaches close to one-third or 31.6%. On the other hand, the download/upload asymmetry does not change regardless of if the share of the population is urban or rural. Average download speeds were 3x faster for both the most urban and the most rural tracts."

Gallardo's team used "speed test results from the Speedtest by Ookla Global Fixed. Network Performance Maps and the latest American Community Survey 2017-2021 from the Census Bureau, averaged by the number of speed tests for 2021 to match the most recent release of ACS data." Speed tests were for fixed broadband networks, not cellular or mobile, and for tracts with at least 50 speed tests. The results included 83,107 tracts, "or 98% of all tracts available," he writes.

Texas A&M study, supported by Texas Pecan Board, says pecans help prevent obesity and many other health issues

Pecans have thin shells and lots of meat. (Texas A&M)

"Daily consumption of pecans has been shown to prevent obesity and a host of related health issues like fatty liver disease and diabetes, according to a collaborative study by Texas A&M AgriLife scientists," the university reports, citing a study also funded by the Texas Pecan Board and the Texas Department of Agriculture. 

“Obesity and diabetes numbers are increasing in modern society worldwide, and the trend in high fat diet consumption is one of the main reasons, besides lifestyle and genetic predisposition,” said Luis Cisneros-Zevallos, a professor of horticulture and food science. “People are searching for healthier options, and we have now shown pecans are a healthy tool consumers have in their hands.”

Cisneros-Zevallos was principal investigator for the study, which provides scientific evidence supporting traditional knowledge in the Americas that pecans are highly nutritious, said Amit Dhingra, head of the Department of Horticultural Sciences at Texas A&M. The study also involved a team at the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran in Mexico.

“We now know what potential mechanisms underlie that nutritional benefit,” Dhingra said. “Our department is focused on the areas of sustainability, wellness and food security, and this research illustrates the relevance of horticultural crops for human health.”

 
Researchers applied pecans and high-fat diets to mice models and found that pecans increased energy expenditure, reduced inflammation and imbalances of microbes, and helped with digestion, liver function and muscle function.

Cisneros-Zevallos said pecans reduced low-grade inflammation that leads to chronic inflammation and the development of a range of prevalent diseases, as well as maintaining body weight and preventing diabetes even with a high-fat diet.

Excess deaths, those above the expected numbers, grew in pandemic Year 2 despite vaccines; rural vax rate blamed

Scientists generally believe that the number of deaths attributed to the Covid-19 pandemic has been understated, and they point to what they call "excess deaths," the number of deaths above the number that would have been expected if the pandemic hadn't occurred, based on recent trends. A new study shows that excess deaths in the U.S. increased in the second year of the pandemic even though that is when Covid-19 vaccines became widely available, and that they went up largely because of increases in rural counties, where fewer people were vaccinated.

"In rural counties across the United States—where vaccines were harder to obtain, where vaccine skepticism remained higher, and where access to good health care is often more challenging—excess deaths in year two of the pandemic actually increased, despite the presence of vaccines," Boston University says of the study, done mainly by BU faculty and published in Science Advances. "The study provides the first look at monthly estimates of what the researchers call “excess deaths” for every U.S. county in the pandemic’s first two years."

Andrew Stokes, an assistant professor of global health at BU and corresponding author of the study, pointed to a shortage of rural vaccinations as the main cause. The study reports, "In urban areas, 75% of people aged 5 years and older were vaccinated as of January 2022 compared to only 59% of people aged 5 years and older in rural areas. This urban-rural difference in vaccination rates more than doubled since April 2021." Stokes told the BU public-relations staff, "Inequalities in mortality outcomes in the second year of the pandemic were fundamentally shaped by patterns of vaccine uptake at the community level. . . . There was less vaccination happening in rural areas and that gap between urban and rural areas grew as the second year progressed." The difference rural and urban death rates largely disappeared early this year, The Daily Yonder reported in February.

There were other factors, the study says: "The emergence of partisanship and misinformation further disadvantaged small metropolitan and rural areas during the second year of the pandemic. This partisanship even went as far as deteriorating the quality of surveillance data by affecting the certification of Covid-19 deaths, which were systematically undercounted in rural communities."

The study found that nonmetropolitan counties in the South "had the highest cumulative relative excess mortality by July 2021," with just over 25% estimated excess deaths by February 2022. Large metro areas in the West ranked second, followed by small and medium Southern metros, then large Southern metros. 

The study says county-by-county data are important "because counties are the administrative unit for death investigation, excess mortality estimates have the potential to help identify counties where Covid-19 death rates differ from excess mortality rates and who might benefit from additional training and other resources around cause-of-death certification. These estimates may also be valuable for informing local public health workers, community organizations, and residents of the true impact of the pandemic, thus potentially increasing vaccination and uptake of other protective measures."

Here are county-by-county maps from the study, in chronological order; clicking on each map will produce a slightly larger version. The high-resolution originals can be downloaded here. The study says these are estimates, and are uncertain in small counties.

Are current heatwaves evidence that climate change is speeding up? The Economist tries to answer the question

Are the current heatwaves evidence that climate change is speeding up? That's the headline over a comprehensive article in The Economist, with a subhead, "All sorts of records are being broken in all sorts of places." Yes, it;'s July, but "the highest temperatures tend to come later in the season. That this year’s should start so early, rise so high and run so long is unprecedented."

The British magazine notes the basic drivers: Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is "the highest it has been for over 3 million years. Methane and nitrous oxide, two other long-lived greenhouse gases, have also reached levels never before experienced by humans. The world is now, on average, around 1.2°C warmer than it was before humans started thickening the glass in the greenhouse."

James Hansen of Columbia University, a climate scientist who was one of the first to warn of global warming, "argues that the rate at which the world is warming seems to have gone through a step change in the 2010s, though he has not yet convinced his peers. This summer’s surprises, especially a run of record temperatures in the North Atlantic, might help change that."

An El Niño began last month, which has a warming effect, but such ocean oscillations tend to have their greatest impact about a year in, and "Today’s ocean temperatures look like evidence of this one getting off to a flying start." Another likely factor is the huge eruption of a submarine Pacific volcano last year, which  injected a huge amount of water vapor, a powerful greenhouse gas, into the air. "In the lower atmosphere it condenses out into rain or snow fairly quickly. In the stratosphere, though, it lingers for longer," The Economist notes, adding that trhe eruption "is thought to have increased the amount of water vapor in the stratosphere by 13%."

We'v heard more lately about methane, a very powerful greenhouse gas, and "Some scientists cite recent increases in methane levels as evidence" that the world is warming in much the same way it did at the end of the last ice age. Some think it's because there are more tropical wetlands, "whose plants produce the gas when they rot. This is one candidate for the mechanism that drives the methane spikes seen at the end of ice ages. If true, it opens up the possibility of a feedback loop starting today similar to the ones that seem to have operated in the past. More methane means more warming, which means more wetlands, and therefore more methane."

Also, government limits on sulfur dioxide to quash acid rain and a more recent change to reduce pollution from ocean shipping may have cause more warming. Sulphate particles that SO2 creates in the lower atmosphere reflect sunlight, and "can help create clouds which reflect away more sunshine still." However, "The indirect effects that aerosol particles have on cloud cover are notoriously hard to capture in climate models."